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Sex and individual recognitions by anal gland secretions have been reported in ferrets ( Mustela furo) and stoats ( Mustela erminea) by several investigators ( Erlinge et al., 1982 Clapperton et al., 1988, 1989 Kelliher and Baum, 2001 Woodley and Baum, 2003, 2004). The genus Mustela is known to emit odors from the anal glands, and chemical profiles of anal gland secretions from seven Mustela species have been reported ( Brinck et al., 1983 Zhang et al., 2002, 2003). Multiple scent sources such as urine, feces, and anal gland secretions are widely involved in recognition of sex, individuality, reproductive condition, and social status ( Macdonald, 1985). These findings provide new information about the constituents of urine and volatile components of anal gland secretions in ferrets.Īnal gland secretion, chemical signals, GC-MS, Mustela furo, stir bar sorptive extraction, urine IntroductionĬhemical signals in carnivores are both diverse and redundant. Similar results were previously obtained in anal glands of three other Mustela species. Among the new compounds, o-aminoacetophenone was found only in males, while only traces of this compound were found in females. Additionally, 10 volatiles (two aldehydes, five ketones, benzothiazole, 2-methylquinoline, and 4-methylquinazoline), not previously identified, were found in ferret anal gland secretions. This suggests that urine may convey specific signals that differ from those of anal glands. However, most of the major compounds (thietanes, dithiolanes, and indole) in anal glands were not present in urine. Ten of the 26 compounds identified in anal gland secretions from females and males were also found in urine. These findings suggest that ferrets may use urine marking for sex and individual recognitions. Quantitative comparison of 30 volatile urinary compounds showed several statistically significant differences between the sexes and individuals of the same sex. Four ketones (4-heptanone, 2-heptanone, o-aminoacetophenone, and a dimethoxyacetophenone) and several nitrogen compounds (e.g., 2,5-dimethylpyrazine, quinoline, 4-methylquinazoline) and low levels of three unidentified nonsulfur compounds were significantly more abundant in males than in females. Among them, 2-methylquinoline was unique to male urine. Thirty volatile compounds were quantified in male and female urine. The urinary profiles were further compared with volatile profiles of anal gland secretions of breeding male and female ferrets. These alleles were inherited by descendants of Denisovans who crossed the Wallace Line to inhabit Oceania.Quantitative stir bar sorptive extraction methods, both in the aqueous and headspace modes, followed by thermal desorption gas chromatography–mass spectrometry were used to investigate individual variations in the volatile components of male and female ferret ( Mustela furo) urine. Grey and colleagues identify natural human variants of TNFAIP3, which lower A20 activity and increase autoinflammatory responses. A20, encoded by TNFAIP3, is a negative-feedback inhibitor of NF-B.
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Analysis of the partial-phosphorylation A20 I325N allele in mice revealed diminished tolerance of bacterial lipopolysaccharide and poxvirus inoculation as tradeoffs for enhanced immunity. By contrast, a rare human TNFAIP3 allele encoding an A20 protein with 95% loss of phosphorylation, C243Y, caused spontaneous inflammatory disease in humans and mice. Two TNFAIP3 alleles encoding A20 proteins with partial phosphorylation deficits seemed to be beneficial by increasing immunity without causing spontaneous inflammatory disease: A20 T108A I207L, originating in Denisovans and introgressed in modern humans throughout Oceania, and A20 I325N, from an N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU)-mutagenized mouse strain. Each TNFAIP3 allele encoded substitutions at non-catalytic residues of the ubiquitin protease OTU domain that diminished IB kinase-dependent phosphorylation and activation of A20. Here genomic analyses of anatomically modern humans, extinct Denisovan hominins and mice revealed a TNFAIP3 allelic series with alterations in the encoded immune response inhibitor A20.
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Abstract : Resisting and tolerating microbes are alternative strategies to survive infection, but little is known about the evolutionary mechanisms controlling this balance.